Effect of lead on the reaction of O-demethylase in p-nitro anisole in the cladoceran Moina macrocopa

The presence of the Mixed-Function Oxydase (MFO) system, in Moina macrocopa was detected through the transformation of p-nitroanisole to para-nitrophenol. The presence of this enzymatic system suggested that this cladoceran participates in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. This capacity, in conjunction with the aquatic flea's high tolerance to environmental stress, suggested that M. macrocopa could be used in bioremediation efforts to increase ecosystem health. The effects of lead on the MFO system in M. macrocopa, were also studied. Lead acted as an inhibitor of the enzymatic complex. Therefore, induction of MFO-activity as an early warning may not work in waterbodies affected by both inducers of MFO and inhibitors like lead.     

Human urine is an excellent liquid waste for the culture of fish food organism, Moina micrura

With a view to converting human urine into bio-wealth in the form of zooplankton, the nutrient potentials of liquid wastes (0.11 mL L⁻¹)—(i) human urine (♂), (ii) cow urine, (iii) human–cow mixed urine or some solid wastes (0.11 g L⁻¹): (iv) vermi-compost, (v) cow dung, (vi) poultry droppings and (vii) mixed wastes (vermi-cow-poultry)—were evaluated for the mass culture of zooplankton Moina micrura in 24 outdoor tanks (4500 L) in triplicate treatments using life table as indicator during the period of October–December, 2005. Neonates of Moina micrura held in the treatment with human urine started reproduction at least 4 days earlier than other solid wastes tested. Total number of Moina micrura enumerated in the culture tank, related with offspring production per life span, was maximum in case of human urine treatment, followed by human–cow mixed urine, cow urine, vermin-compost, poultry droppings, mixed wastes (vermin–cow–poultry), cow dung and control treatments. The relationship between the total offspring production per female per life span and the nitrogen content of water in different treatments implied that human urine was an excellent liquid waste that can be used for the mass production of zooplankton Moina micrura required for larval and post larval rearing of commercial fishes.     

Effects of food limitation and temperature on cladocerans from a tropical Brazilian lake

Food limitation was tested in the laboratory by individual growth and reproduction of two cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia richardi and Daphnia gessneri, from the shallow tropical Brazilian Lake Monte Alegre. The cladocerans were fed cultivated green alga Scenedesmus spinosus in concentrations of 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.025 mg C l⁻¹. Higher biomass and growth rates occurred in the two highest-food concentrations; the two lowest ones negatively affected clutch size and first reproduction. The threshold food concentration is lower than 0.025 mg C l⁻¹ and the incipient limiting level is a value between 0.10 and 0.20 mg C l⁻¹. The largest species, D. gessneri, was more sensitive to low food concentrations. The effects of low and high temperatures (19 and 27°C) were evaluated by life table experiments with three cladocerans from the lake—Daphnia ambigua, D. gessneri, and Moina micrura—with no food limitation (1 mg C l⁻¹ of S. spinosus). Higher population growth rates for the three species were found at 27°C; better performance in most life table parameters was observed for the former two species at the highest temperature, D. gessneri being the most sensitive to the lowest temperature. There are indications that temperature is an important abiotic factor that constrains populations of cladocerans for a short period in winter in the lake, when temperature decreases to 18–19°C. However, its influence cannot be separated from a biotic factor such as food, whose effect is stronger in the cool season, when concentrations are lower and contribution of inedible algae is relatively higher.     

百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的毒性效应

采用急性毒性实验方法研究了两种常见除草剂百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的48hLC50值,应用生命表实验方法研究了亚致死浓度的百草枯(0、0.01和0.04mg·L-1)和草甘膦(0、0.4和1.6mg·L-1)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明:百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的48hLC50值分别为0.626和26.287mg·L-1;百草枯浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),草甘膦浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),百草枯和草甘膦的交互作用对多刺裸腹溞的世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01)。多重比较显示:当忽略草甘膦的影响时,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著延长,而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯则相反,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的净生殖率显著降低;当忽略百草枯的影响时,0.4和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦均使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著缩短;与空白对照组相比,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著延长;而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯和0、0.4、1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液均使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著缩短,种群内禀增长率显著降低。随着草甘膦浓度的升高,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯对多刺裸腹溞的毒性显著降低,表现出明显的拮抗作用。     

种群密度和培养体积对发头裸腹溞生长和繁殖的影响

研究了不同培养密度(D1=100 ind·L-1,D2=150 ind·L-1,D3 =300 ind·L-1)和培养体积(V1 =50 mL,V2=100 mL,V3 =400 mL)对发头裸腹溞生长和生殖的影响.结果表明:在相同培养密度下,发头裸腹溞首次怀卵体长、雌体第一窝幼溞数和后代总数均随着培养体积的增大而减少,而雌体所产后代的性比(雄体∶雌体)随着培养体积的增大而增大.在相同培养体积下,雌体产出后代总数随着培养密度的增加而减少.雌体最大首次怀卵体长(0.95±0.10 mm)和最大后代总数(171.3±19.8 ind)均出现在D1V1组合,最大性比(0.54±0.05)出现在D3V2组合.培养密度和培养体积及其协同作用对发头裸腹溞雌体后代总数、后代性比均具有显著影响(P＜0.001).     

不同斜生栅藻密度下布洛芬浓度对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响

以多刺裸腹溞为受试生物,在较低(0.5×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)、中等(1.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)和较高(2.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)的斜生栅藻密度下研究了不同浓度(0、0.45、0.9、1.8、3.6、7.2 和14.4 mg·L^-1)的布洛芬对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明: 在较低和较高的食物密度下,布洛芬浓度分别对多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率和生命期望具有显著性影响;但在3个食物密度下,布洛芬浓度对多刺裸腹溞的世代时间、净生殖率和总生殖率均无显著性影响.与对照组相比,在较低的食物密度下,暴露于0.45、0.9、3.6和14.4 mg·L^-1布洛芬溶液中的多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率显著降低;在较高的食物密度下,暴露于3.6 和14.4 mg·L^-1布洛芬溶液中的多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著延长.表明在较低的食物密度下,布洛芬对多刺裸腹溞的种群增长具有不利的影响;但在中等和较高的食物密度下其不利影响消失.在较高的食物密度下,布洛芬对多刺裸腹溞的存活具有促进作用;但在较低和中等食物密度下其促进作用并未出现.布洛芬对多刺裸腹溞部分生命表统计学参数的影响因食物密度的不同而异.     

马占相思叶片液汁碳同位素甄别率和水分利用效率

利用PMS压力室压取叶片液汁并借助稳定碳同位素质谱仪测定碳同位素比率,分析了马占相思(Acacia mangium )叶片液汁光合产物的甄别率(△)和估测了水分利用效率.结果表明:阴天马占相思林冠层日平均空气CO2 的碳同位素比率(δa)为-7.57‰±1.41‰,晴天则为-8.54‰±0.67‰;阴天叶片液汁的光合产物碳同位素比率(δp)日变化呈鞍型,而晴天则从早上至黄昏逐步降低;晴天δp与叶片/空气水汽压亏缺(D)明显呈负相关,阴天的δp变化相对较小;δp随叶片水势(ψ)降低而降低,显示水分胁迫引起δp降低;叶片液汁的D和经气体交换法获得的细胞胞间(Pi)和外界(Pa)CO2分压之比呈正相关,测定结果与理论上碳同位素相关扩散和生化分馏相一致.分析结果显示,田间马占相思空气CO2经气孔扩散的稳定同位素效应口a=4.6‰,有关Pi的净固定的稳定碳同位素效应6=28.2‰.认为液汁碳同位素甄别率是外围空气CO2进入光合产物的净甄别率,由叶片液汁△估测的水分利用效率与气体交换法所得结果相一致(R2=0.86,P＜0.001).本文所采用的叶片液汁光合产物测定即时△以及计算水分利用效率的方法,可减少田间条件下环境因素明显变化对水分和碳同位素的影响,该方法有助于进一步开展由植株至冠层扩展的碳和水分平衡的生理生态研究.     

富钒酵母对多刺裸腹蚤的生物学效应

本文研究了富钒酵母对多刺裸腹蚤的寿命、存活率和生殖量的影响。结果表明: 不同钒浓度下富钒酵母组多刺裸腹蚤的平均寿命均长于相对应的无机钒组多刺裸腹蚤, 在相同钒浓度下, 富钒酵母和无机钒对多刺裸腹蚤的存活率和生殖量的影响差异更大, 富钒酵母比无机钒对多刺裸腹蚤的毒性要低。     

Isolation of eight microsatellite markers from Moina macrocopa for assessing cryptic genetic structure in the wild

We isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the zooplankton Moina macrocopa (Straus), which is sensitive to pollutants such as insecticides and heavy metals. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with three to seven alleles among 23 individuals. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.167 to 0.787. These loci can be used to examine cryptic genetic structure and to infer the connectivity among metapopulations.     

蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫的种间关系

在实验室内将蒙古裸腹溞按0．06、0．10、0．30、0．60个·ml^-1的密度与褶皱臂尾轮虫(密度为0．3个·ml。)进行}昆合培养,同时按上述密度分别单种培养了蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫作为对照．结果表明,蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫之间存在种间竞争,当二者共存时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对蒙古裸腹溞种群产生压制作用,使蒙古裸腹溞在混合培养体系中以很低的密度存在,而褶皱臂尾轮虫种群受蒙古裸腹溞影响不大．通过进一步的饥饿实验发现90％的褶皱臂尾轮虫经过144h饥饿后仍然存活,而经过120h饥饿后的蒙古裸腹溞100％死亡,褶皱臂尾轮虫耐饥饿能力较强是其在与蒙古裸腹溞竞争中获胜的原因之一。